The Coming War on General Computation by Cory Doctorow doctorow@craphound.comPresented at 28C3 transcript attribution by Joshua Wise joshua@joshuawise.com.So, when I speak in places where the first language of the nation is not English, there is a disclaimer and an apology, because I’m one of nature’s fast talkers. When I was at the United Nations at the World Intellectual Property Organization, I was known as the “scourge” of the simultaneous translation corps; I would stand up and speak, and turn around, and there would be window after window of translator, and every one of them would be doing this [Doctorow facepalms]. [Audience laughs] So in advance, I give you permission when I start talking quickly to do this [Doctorow makes SOS motion] and I will slow down.

[[74.1]] So, tonight’s talk — wah, wah, waaah [Doctorow makes 'fail horn' sound, apparently in response to audience making SOS motion; audience laughs]] — tonight’s talk is not a copyright talk. I do copyright talks all the time; questions about culture and creativity are interesting enough, but to be honest, I’m quite sick of them. If you want to hear freelancer writers like me bang on about what’s happening to the way we earn our living, by all means, go and find one of the many talks I’ve done on this subject on YouTube. But, tonight, I want to talk about something more important — I want talk to talk about general purpose computers.

Because general purpose computers are, in fact, astounding — so astounding that our society is still struggling to come to grips with them: to figure out what they’re for, to figure out how to accommodate them, and how to cope with them. Which, unfortunately, brings me back to copyright.

[[133.8]] Because the general shape of the copyright wars and the lessons they can teach us about the upcoming fights over the destiny of the general purpose computer are important. In the beginning, we had packaged software, and the attendant industry, and we had sneakernet. So, we had floppy disks in ziplock bags, or in cardboard boxes, hung on pegs in shops, and sold like candy bars and magazines. And they were eminently susceptible to duplication, and so they were duplicated quickly, and widely, and this was to the great chagrin of people who made and sold software.

[[172.6]] Enter DRM 0.96. They started to introduce physical defects to the disks or started to insist on other physical indicia which the software could check for — dongles, hidden sectors, challenge/response protocols that required that you had physical possession of large, unwieldy manuals that were difficult to copy, and of course these failed, for two reasons. First, they were commercially unpopular, of course, because they reduced the usefulness of the software to the legitimate purchasers, while leaving the people who took the software without paying for it untouched. The legitimate purchasers resented the non-functionality of their backups, they hated the loss of scarce ports to the authentication dongles, and they resented the inconvenience of having to transport large manuals when they wanted to run their software. And second, these didn’t stop pirates, who found it trivial to patch the software and bypass authentication. Typically, the way that happened is some expert who had possession of technology and expertise of equivalent sophistication to the software vendor itself, would reverse engineer the software and release cracked versions that quickly became widely circulated. While this kind of expertise and technology sounded highly specialized, it really wasn’t; figuring out what recalcitrant programs were doing, and routing around the defects in shitty floppy disk media were both core skills for computer programmers, and were even more so in the era of fragile floppy disks and the rough-and-ready early days of software development. Anti-copying strategies only became more fraught as networks spread; once we had BBSes, online services, USENET newsgroups, and mailing lists, the expertise of people who figured out how to defeat these authentication systems could be packaged up in software as little crack files, or, as the network capacity increased, the cracked disk images or executables themselves could be spread on their own.

[[296.4]] Which gave us DRM 1.0. By 1996, it became clear to everyone in the halls of power that there was something important about to happen. We were about to have an information economy, whatever the hell that was. They assumed it meant an economy where we bought and sold information. Now, information technology makes things efficient, so imagine the markets that an information economy would have. You could buy a book for a day, you could sell the right to watch the movie for one Euro, and then you could rent out the pause button at one penny per second. You could sell movies for one price in one country, and another price in another, and so on, and so on; the fantasies of those days were a little like a boring science fiction adaptation of the Old Testament book of Numbers, a kind of tedious enumeration of every permutation of things people do with information and the ways we could charge them for it.

[[355.5]] But none of this would be possible unless we could control how people use their computers and the files we transfer to them. After all, it was well and good to talk about selling someone the 24 hour right to a video, or the right to move music onto an iPod, but not the right to move music from the iPod onto another device, but how the Hell could you do that once you’d given them the file? In order to do that, to make this work, you needed to figure out how to stop computers from running certain programs and inspecting certain files and processes. For example, you could encrypt the file, and then require the user to run a program that only unlocked the file under certain circumstances.

[[395.8]] But as they say on the Internet, “now you have two problems”. You also, now, have to stop the user from saving the file while it’s in the clear, and you have to stop the user from figuring out where the unlocking program stores its keys, because if the user finds the keys, she’ll just decrypt the file and throw away that stupid player app.

[[416.6]] And now you have three problems [audience laughs], because now you have to stop the users who figure out how to render the file in the clear from sharing it with other users, and now you’ve got four! problems, because now you have to stop the users who figure out how to extract secrets from unlocking programs from telling other users how to do it too, and now you’ve got five! problems, because now you have to stop users who figure out how to extract secrets from unlocking programs from telling other users what the secrets were!

[[442.0]] That’s a lot of problems. But by 1996, we had a solution. We had the WIPO Copyright Treaty, passed by the United Nations World Intellectual Property Organization, which created laws that made it illegal to extract secrets from unlocking programs, and it created laws that made it illegal to extract media cleartexts from the unlocking programs while they were running, and it created laws that made it illegal to tell people how to extract secrets from unlocking programs, and created laws that made it illegal to host copyrighted works and secrets and all with a handy streamlined process that let you remove stuff from the internet without having to screw around with lawyers, and judges, and all that crap. And with that, illegal copying ended forever [audience laughs very hard, applauds], the information economy blossomed into a beautiful flower that brought prosperity to the whole wide world; as they say on the aircraft carriers, “Mission Accomplished”. [audience laughs]

[[511.0]] Well, of course that’s not how the story ends because pretty much anyone who understood computers and networks understood that while these laws would create more problems than they could possibly solve; after all, these were laws that made it illegal to look inside your computer when it was running certain programs, they made it illegal to tell people what you found when you looked inside your computer, they made it easy to censor material on the internet without having to prove that anything wrong had happened; in short, they made unrealistic demands on reality and reality did not oblige them. After all, copying only got easier following the passage of these laws — copying will only ever get easier! Here, 2011, this is as hard as copying will get! Your grandchildren will turn to you around the Christmas table and say “Tell me again, Grandpa, tell me again, Grandma, about when it was hard to copy things in 2011, when you couldn’t get a drive the size of your fingernail that could hold every song ever recorded, every movie ever made, every word ever spoken, every picture ever taken, everything, and transfer it in such a short period of time you didn’t even notice it was doing it, tell us again when it was so stupidly hard to copy things back in 2011″. And so, reality asserted itself, and everyone had a good laugh over how funny our misconceptions were when we entered the 21st century, and then a lasting peace was reached with freedom and prosperity for all. [audience chuckles]

[[593.5]] Well, not really. Because, like the nursery rhyme lady who swallows a spider to catch a fly, and has to swallow a bird to catch the spider, and a cat to catch the bird, and so on, so must a regulation that has broad general appeal but is disastrous in its implementation beget a new regulation aimed at shoring up the failure of the old one. Now, it’s tempting to stop the story here and conclude that the problem is that lawmakers are either clueless or evil, or possibly evilly clueless, and just leave it there, which is not a very satisfying place to go, because it’s fundamentally a council of despair; it suggests that our problems cannot be solved for so long as stupidity and evilness are present in the halls of power, which is to say they will never be solved. But I have another theory about what’s happened.

[[644.4]] It’s not that regulators don’t understand information technology, because it should be possible to be a non-expert and still make a good law! M.P.s and Congressmen and so on are elected to represent districts and people, not disciplines and issues. We don’t have a Member of Parliament for biochemistry, and we don’t have a Senator from the great state of urban planning, and we don’t have an M.E.P. from child welfare. (But perhaps we should.) And yet those people who are experts in policy and politics, not technical disciplines, nevertheless, often do manage to pass good rules that make sense, and that’s because government relies on heuristics — rules of thumbs about how to balance expert input from different sides of an issue.

[[686.3]] But information technology confounds these heuristics — it kicks the crap out of them — in one important way, and this is it. One important test of whether or not a regulation is fit for a purpose is first, of course, whether it will work, but second of all, whether or not in the course of doing its work, it will have lots of effects on everything else. If I wanted Congress to write, or Parliament to write, or the E.U. to regulate a wheel, it’s unlikely I’d succeed. If I turned up and said “well, everyone knows that wheels are good and right, but have you noticed that every single bank robber has four wheels on his car when he drives away from the bank robbery? Can’t we do something about this?”, the answer would of course be “no”. Because we don’t know how to make a wheel that is still generally useful for legitimate wheel applications but useless to bad guys. And we can all see that the general benefits of wheels are so profound that we’d be foolish to risk them in a foolish errand to stop bank robberies by changing wheels. Even if there were an /epidemic/ of bank robberies, even if society were on the verge of collapse thanks to bank robberies, no-one would think that wheels were the right place to start solving our problems.

[[762.0]] But. If I were to show up in that same body to say that I had absolute proof that hands-free phones were making cars dangerous, and I said, “I would like you to pass a law that says it’s illegal to put a hands-free phone in a car”, the regulator might say “Yeah, I’d take your point, we’d do that”. And we might disagree about whether or not this is a good idea, or whether or not my evidence made sense, but very few of us would say “well, once you take the hands-free phones out of the car, they stop being cars”. We understand that we can keep cars cars even if we remove features from them. Cars are special purpose, at least in comparison to wheels, and all that the addition of a hands-free phone does is add one more feature to an already-specialized technology. In fact, there’s that heuristic that we can apply here — special-purpose technologies are complex. And you can remove features from them without doing fundamental disfiguring violence to their underlying utility.

[[816.5]] This rule of thumb serves regulators well, by and large, but it is rendered null and void by the general-purpose computer and the general-purpose network — the PC and the Internet. Because if you think of computer software as a feature, that is a computer with spreadsheets running on it has a spreadsheet feature, and one that’s running World of Warcraft has an MMORPG feature, then this heuristic leads you to think that you could reasonably say, “make me a computer that doesn’t run spreadsheets”, and that it would be no more of an attack on computing than “make me a car without a hands-free phone” is an attack on cars. And if you think of protocols and sites as features of the network, then saying “fix the Internet so that it doesn’t run BitTorrent”, or “fix the Internet so that thepiratebay.org no longer resolves”, then it sounds a lot like “change the sound of busy signals”, or “take that pizzeria on the corner off the phone network”, and not like an attack on the fundamental principles of internetworking.

[[870.5]] Not realizing that this rule of thumb that works for cars and for houses and for every other substantial area of technological regulation fails for the Internet does not make you evil and it does not make you an ignoramus. It just makes you part of that vast majority of the world for whom ideas like “Turing complete” and “end-to-end” are meaningless. So, our regulators go off, and they blithely pass these laws, and they become part of the reality of our technological world. There are suddenly numbers that we aren’t allowed to write down on the Internet, programs we’re not allowed to publish, and all it takes to make legitimate material disappear from the Internet is to say “that? That infringes copyright.”. It fails to attain the actual goal of the regulation; it doesn’t stop people from violating copyright, but it bears a kind of superficial resemblance to copyright enforcement — it satisfies the security syllogism: “something must be done, I am doing something, something has been done.” And thus any failures that arise can be blamed on the idea that the regulation doesn’t go far enough, rather than the idea that it was flawed from the outset.

[[931.2]] This kind of superficial resemblance and underlying divergence happens in other engineering contexts. I’ve a friend who was once a senior executive at a big consumer packaged goods company who told me about what happened when the marketing department told the engineers that they’d thought up a great idea for detergent: from now on, they were going to make detergent that made your clothes newer every time you washed them! Well after the engineers had tried unsuccessfully to convey the concept of “entropy” to the marketing department [audience laughs], they arrived at another solution — “solution” — they’d develop a detergent that used enzymes that attacked loose fiber ends, the kind that you get with broken fibers that make your clothes look old. So every time you washed your clothes in the detergent, they would look newer. But that was because the detergent was literally digesting your clothes! Using it would literally cause your clothes to dissolve in the washing machine! This was the opposite of making clothes newer; instead, you were artificially aging your clothes every time you washed them, and as the user, the more you deployed the “solution”, the more drastic your measures had to be to keep your clothes up to date — you actually had to go buy new clothes because the old ones fell apart.

[[1012.5]] So today we have marketing departments who say things like “we don’t need computers, we need… appliances. Make me a computer that doesn’t run every program, just a program that does this specialized task, like streaming audio, or routing packets, or playing Xbox games, and make sure it doesn’t run programs that I haven’t authorized that might undermine our profits”. And on the surface, this seems like a reasonable idea — just a program that does one specialized task — after all, we can put an electric motor in a blender, and we can install a motor in a dishwasher, and we don’t worry if it’s still possible to run a dishwashing program in a blender. But that’s not what we do when we turn a computer into an appliance. We’re not making a computer that runs only the “appliance” app; we’re making a computer that can run every program, but which uses some combination of rootkits, spyware, and code-signing to prevent the user from knowing which processes are running, from installing her own software, and from terminating processes that she doesn’t want. In other words, an appliance is not a stripped-down computer — it is a fully functional computer with spyware on it out of the box.

[audience applauds loudly] Thanks.

[[1090.5]] Because we don’t know how to build the general purpose computer that is capable of running any program we can compile except for some program that we don’t like, or that we prohibit by law, or that loses us money. The closest approximation that we have to this is a computer with spyware — a computer on which remote parties set policies without the computer user’s knowledge, over the objection of the computer’s owner. And so it is that digital rights management always converges on malware.

[[1118.9]] There was, of course, this famous incident, a kind of gift to people who have this hypothesis, in which Sony loaded covert rootkit installers on 6 million audio CDs, which secretly executed programs that watched for attempts to read the sound files on CDs, and terminated them, and which also hid the rootkit’s existence by causing the kernel to lie about which processes were running, and which files were present on the drive. But it’s not the only example; just recently, Nintendo shipped the 3DS, which opportunistically updates its firmware, and does an integrity check to make sure that you haven’t altered the old firmware in any way, and if it detects signs of tampering, it bricks itself.

[[1158.8]] Human rights activists have raised alarms over U-EFI, the new PC bootloader, which restricts your computer so it runs signed operating systems, noting that repressive governments will likely withhold signatures from OSes unless they have covert surveillance operations.

[[1175.5]] And on the network side, attempts to make a network that can’t be used for copyright infringement always converges with the surveillance measures that we know from repressive governments. So, SOPA, the U.S. Stop Online Piracy Act, bans tools like DNSSec because they can be used to defeat DNS blocking measures. And it blocks tools like Tor, because they can be used to circumvent IP blocking measures. In fact, the proponents of SOPA, the Motion Picture Association of America, circulated a memo, citing research that SOPA would probably work, because it uses the same measures as are used in Syria, China, and Uzbekistan, and they argued that these measures are effective in those countries, and so they would work in America, too!

[audience laughs and applauds] Don’t applaud me, applaud the MPAA!

[[1221.5]] Now, it may seem like SOPA is the end game in a long fight over copyright, and the internet, and it may seem like if we defeat SOPA, we’ll be well on our way to securing the freedom of PCs and networks. But as I said at the beginning of this talk, this isn’t about copyright, because the copyright wars are just the 0.9 beta version of the long coming war on computation. The entertainment industry were just the first belligerents in this coming century-long conflict. We tend to think of them as particularly successful — after all, here is SOPA, trembling on the verge of passage, and breaking the internet on this fundamental level in the name of preserving Top 40 music, reality TV shows, and Ashton Kutcher movies! [laughs, scattered applause]

[[1270.2]] But the reality is, copyright legislation gets as far as it does precisely because it’s not taken seriously, which is why on one hand, Canada has had Parliament after Parliament introduce one stupid copyright bill after another, but on the other hand, Parliament after Parliament has failed to actually vote on the bill. It’s why we got SOPA, a bill composed of pure stupid, pieced together molecule-by-molecule, into a kind of “Stupidite 250″, which is normally only found in the heart of newborn star, and it’s why these rushed-through SOPA hearings had to be adjourned midway through the Christmas break, so that lawmakers could get into a real vicious nationally-infamous debate over an important issue, unemployment insurance. It’s why the World Intellectual Property Organization is gulled time and again into enacting crazed, pig-ignorant copyright proposals because when the nations of the world send their U.N. missions to Geneva, they send water experts, not copyright experts; they send health experts, not copyright experts; they send agriculture experts, not copyright experts, because copyright is just not important to pretty much everyone! [applause]

[[1350.3]] Canada’s Parliament didn’t vote on its copyright bills because, of all the things that Canada needs to do, fixing copyright ranks well below health emergencies on first nations reservations, exploiting the oil patch in Alberta, interceding in sectarian resentments among French- and English-speakers, solving resources crises in the nation’s fisheries, and thousand other issues! The triviality of copyright tells you that when other sectors of the economy start to evince concerns about the internet and the PC, that copyright will be revealed for a minor skirmish, and not a war. Why would other sectors nurse grudges against computers? Well, because the world we live in today is /made/ of computers. We don’t have cars anymore, we have computers we ride in; we don’t have airplanes anymore, we have flying Solaris boxes with a big bucketful of SCADA controllers [laughter]; a 3D printer is not a device, it’s a peripheral, and it only works connected to a computer; a radio is no longer a crystal, it’s a general-purpose computer with a fast ADC and a fast DAC and some software.

[[1418.9]] The grievances that arose from unauthorized copying are trivial, when compared to the calls for action that our new computer-embroidered reality will create. Think of radio for a minute. The entire basis for radio regulation up until today was based on the idea that the properties of a radio are fixed at the time of manufacture, and can’t be easily altered. You can’t just flip a switch on your baby monitor, and turn it into something that interferes with air traffic control signals. But powerful software-defined radios can change from baby monitor to emergency services dispatcher to air traffic controller just by loading and executing different software, which is why the first time the American telecoms regulator (the FCC) considered what would happen when we put SDRs in the field, they asked for comment on whether it should mandate that all software-defined radios should be embedded in trusted computing machines. Ultimately, whether every PC should be locked, so that the programs they run are strictly regulated by central authorities.

[[1477.9]] And even this is a shadow of what is to come. After all, this was the year in which we saw the debut of open sourced shape files for converting AR-15s to full automatic. This was the year of crowd-funded open-sourced hardware for gene sequencing. And while 3D printing will give rise to plenty of trivial complaints, there will be judges in the American South and Mullahs in Iran who will lose their minds over people in their jurisdiction printing out sex toys. [guffaw from audience] The trajectory of 3D printing will most certainly raise real grievances, from solid state meth labs, to ceramic knives.

[[1516.0]] And it doesn’t take a science fiction writer to understand why regulators might be nervous about the user-modifiable firmware on self-driving cars, or limiting interoperability for aviation controllers, or the kind of thing you could do with bio-scale assemblers and sequencers. Imagine what will happen the day that Monsanto determines that it’s really… really… important to make sure that computers can’t execute programs that cause specialized peripherals to output organisms that eat their lunch… literally. Regardless of whether you think these are real problems or merely hysterical fears, they are nevertheless the province of lobbies and interest groups that are far more influential than Hollywood and big content are on their best days, and every one of them will arrive at the same place — “can’t you just make us a general purpose computer that runs all the programs, except the ones that scare and anger us? Can’t you just make us an Internet that transmits any message over any protocol between any two points, unless it upsets us?”

[[1576.3]] And personally, I can see that there will be programs that run on general purpose computers and peripherals that will even freak me out. So I can believe that people who advocate for limiting general purpose computers will find receptive audience for their positions. But just as we saw with the copyright wars, banning certain instructions, or protocols, or messages, will be wholly ineffective as a means of prevention and remedy; and as we saw in the copyright wars, all attempts at controlling PCs will converge on rootkits; all attempts at controlling the Internet will converge on surveillance and censorship, which is why all this stuff matters. Because we’ve spent the last 10+ years as a body sending our best players out to fight what we thought was the final boss at the end of the game, but it turns out it’s just been the mini-boss at the end of the level, and the stakes are only going to get higher.

[[1627.8]] As a member of the Walkman generation, I have made peace with the fact that I will require a hearing aid long before I die, and of course, it won’t be a hearing aid, it will be a computer I put in my body. So when I get into a car — a computer I put my body into — with my hearing aid — a computer I put inside my body — I want to know that these technologies are not designed to keep secrets from me, and to prevent me from terminating processes on them that work against my interests. [vigorous applause from audience] Thank you.

[[1669.4]] Thank you. So, last year, the Lower Merion School District, in a middle-class, affluent suburb of Philadelphia found itself in a great deal of trouble, because it was caught distributing PCs to its students, equipped with rootkits that allowed for remote covert surveillance through the computer’s camera and network connection. It transpired that they had been photographing students thousands of times, at home and at school, awake and asleep, dressed and naked. Meanwhile, the latest generation of lawful intercept technology can covertly operate cameras, mics, and GPSes on PCs, tablets, and mobile devices.

[[1705.0]] Freedom in the future will require us to have the capacity to monitor our devices and set meaningful policy on them, to examine and terminate the processes that run on them, to maintain them as honest servants to our will, and not as traitors and spies working for criminals, thugs, and control freaks. And we haven’t lost yet, but we have to win the copyright wars to keep the Internet and the PC free and open. Because these are the materiel in the wars that are to come, we won’t be able to fight on without them. And I know this sounds like a council of despair, but as I said, these are early days. We have been fighting the mini-boss, and that means that great challenges are yet to come, but like all good level designers, fate has sent us a soft target to train ourselves on — we have a chance, a real chance, and if we support open and free systems, and the organizations that fight for them — EFF, Bits of Freedom [?], Edrie [?], [?], Nets Politique [?], La Quadrature du Net, and all the others, who are thankfully, too numerous to name here — we may yet win the battle, and secure the ammunition we’ll need for the war.

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The advent of social networking calls into question many of the evaluation criterias that appeared obvious in the previous historical context. Any society in front of a revolution seeks to discover the sense of it, comparing with the previous reality. The change that contemporary society is experiencing is a real restructuring of the cultural dynamics that produce the interpretation of the facts around which it will be built the consent of the society. We are living in the “digital revolution”. With the rise of Internet, nowadays, anyone can have its personal communication channel, millions and millions of people have begun to exert a strong influence on the organization of the network and use it as if it were the “operating system” of the digital society.

Firstly, what is a social networking site? A social networking site is a site that allows users to configure a profile or a personal homepage and develop a social network online. We define social network sites those web services that allow the creation of a public or semi-public profile within a constrained system, the articulation of a list of contacts, the ability to browse the friends list of your contacts. These services allow thus to manage and strengthen existing friendships or extend our network of contacts.
From a scientific point of view the social netowork represents a telematics transposition of those social networks that make the reality of man’s daily life, made of more or less strong bonds and relationships that constitute the architecture of the human public relations. The explosion and the viral replication of social networks is also due to their simplicity, known as “user friendly”, and their recreational and entertainment component. In practice, to use one of these social, you have to subscribe to the portal, create a profile and look for friends in order to communicate with them. If communication could also occur by mail or telephone without the use of social networks, thanks to them we can have a much more multimedia view of the people we know, and we are also able to always know, in real time , what they do, what they think or who they know.
Accordind to Thomas Nordlund training director of Unaico Sitetalk: the social networking sites have made their appearance in the nineties, with the first online community sites (in 1994 Geocities, Tripod in 1995). The concept of these sites was to bring together people interested in common subjects and allow them to interact through chat rooms and personal homepages which helped the publication of content created by the users: this mechanism was ahead of the phenomenon of blogging which is still in a booming phase.

Some communities had a different approach, as they decided to emphasize the links between former schoolmates (Classmates in 1995), born from a similar approach Facebook (2004). Friendster had a great impact all over the world. He reached the pinnacle of success in 2002 and then began to falter in 2004 compared to other sites, now it’s used mainly in Asia. MySpace was born in 2003, and in 2005 had a higher number of page views than Google and that same year it was purchased by Robert Murdoch’s News Corporation. Facebook emerged in 2004, born in the Harvard University, it had a rapid growth becoming the most successful social network in the world. A recent study, based on a comparison of data traffic resulting from Alexa, Google Trends for Websites and comScore, shows that Facebook advances in a growing number of nations, even where until a few years ago, MySpace was trying to resist, for example the United States. Professional social networks such as Linkedin are designed to allow communication among people who want or need to stay in the labor market. The fastest growing phenomenon today is Twitter, born in 2006, it became, after Facebook and MySpace, the third most visited social network.

The most popular social network in the world are: Facebook, MySpace, Hi5, Flickr, Skyrock, Friendster, Tagged, LiveJournal, Orkut, Fotolog, Bebo.com, LinkedIn, Badoo.Com, Multiply, Imeem, Ning, Last.fm,Sitetalk,Unaico, Twitter, MyYearbook, Vkontakte, aSmallWorld, Windows Live, Xiaonei.

Raghu Ramakrishnan is Chief Scientist for Search and Cloud Platforms at Yahoo!, and is a Yahoo! Fellow, heading the Web Information Management research group. His work in database systems, with a focus on data mining, query optimization, and web-scale data management, has influenced query optimization in commercial database systems and the design of window functions in SQL:1999. His paper on the Birch clustering algorithm received the SIGMOD 10-Year Test-of-Time award, and he has written the widely-used text “Database Management Systems” (with Johannes Gehrke). His current research interests are in cloud computing, content optimization, and the development of a “web of concepts” that indexes all information on the web in semantically rich terms. Ramakrishnan has received several awards, including the ACM SIGKDD Innovations Award, the ACM SIGMOD Contributions Award, a Distinguished Alumnus Award from IIT Madras, a Packard Foundation Fellowship in Science and Engineering, and an NSF Presidential Young Investigator Award. He is a Fellow of the ACM and IEEE.

Ramakrishnan is on the Board of Directors of ACM SIGKDD, and is a past Chair of ACM SIGMOD and member of the Board of Trustees of the VLDB Endowment. He was Professor of Computer Sciences at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and was founder and CTO of QUIQ, a company that pioneered crowd-sourcing, specifically question-answering communities, powering Ask Jeeves’ AnswerPoint as well as customer-support for companies such as Compaq.

http://research.yahoo.com/Raghu_Ramakrishnan

Land of great mystery and wild charm, Sardinia, with varied landscape, cliffs and vast sandy beaches, caves and crystal waters  is one of the pearls of Italy.

Marketing director, Sandro Perrone, announces a new version of the website www.hotelclubsardinia.com dedicated to the hotel reservetion industry in Sardinia Italy. This new site is much more user friendly and has a sotware search system much simpler, thanks to a wide range of hotels throughout the island, clients can personalize their search and find the hotel that best suits to their needs.”With the new design changes, we’re bringing forward the stuff that matters to you and getting all the other clutter out of your way,” Wiggins explained. “Even simple changes, like using a finder hotel via goole map for actionable buttons or hiding navigation buttons until they’re actually needed, can help you better focus on only what you need at the moment.”

The new home page logo is based on merely three guiding principles: focus, elasticity, and effortlessness. The logo is a communication tool and it has to reflect the whole business identity. It’s the representation of the company even before a potential customer cross your door. That’s probably the reason why they must have tried at least 3,042 different sizes before choosing the right one. The new site has an optimal software Hotel Property Management System PMS now interfaces with any individual hotel. This means that you can manage your establishment’s page directly, updating your calendar, availability, price offers etc and it will be automatically displayed to your HotelClubSardinia Booking listing.

The web has become a place of communication and sharing, of media transformation  and interpersonal relations.The visibility on the web plays a primary role in today marketing strategy of a company. With the help of Webandrank.com, a society specialized in internet marketing and web promotion technology, we worked to optimize the image of our brand on the web with a new online booking system that can give benefits to hundreds of hotels in Sardinia Italy. The new HotelClubSardinia.com offers an interesting and attractive business development opportunity mostly because HotelClubSardinia.com is focused only on customers from all over the world looking to book an hotel in the island. In order to register to HotelclubSardinia.com and use Internet to increase your hotel  exposure, room occupancy and hotel revenues, you will just need to record your hotel via the the button Aggiungi il tuo hotel. You will receive, by email, your own web page system where you will be able to manage all the hotel characteristics, such as, description, photos, map, prices and avability.

HotelClubSardinia.com is the one luxurious Sardinian hotels online booking website, it gets 70% of the global search online about Hotels in Sardinia with a massive number of unique visitors every month and it is also the fastest growing online accommodation provider in Sardinia. There are NO registration fees and NO fixed costs. The guest pays the hotel directly and subsequently it will pay a commission fee for the booking that it got through the website. Adding your hotel in Sardinia to our special selection, will give you visibility to thousands of people who visit HotelClubSardinia.com website everyday and you will be able to generate more rental bookings, ensuring to the customer an high-quality and valuable service.

Everyday, we look for various pieces of information online to answer the endless questions that we may have regarding a certain topic. Search engines  make our lives easier and place the websites that are more related to our search at the top of the results. This is where search engine placement comes into play with the help of SEO informations and websites for the very complex search engine placement processes. For the begginer i write a few things to take into consideration.

What Is Search Engine Placement?

Imagine yourself in a position where you want to find something or look up some information on the internet regarding Web Ranking Service. The first thing that comes to mind that you would need to do is go to a search engine and look up information about Web Ranking Service. When you hit the search button, 726.000.oo0 results of listings will come up on your page and you would need to choose from one of them. 95% of the time, you will choose one of the top three search results to get the answer to your question. The location as to where you are on the list of search results is known as search engine placement.

How Would You Improve Search Engine Placement?

In order for you to improve search engine placement you call me or, imagine yourself as the web surfer trying to find the information. If you were looking for information about a certain topic, what are the keywords or search words that you would type into the search bar in your search engine? Once you have those words in mind, write them down and try to integrate them into your website so that your search engine placement increases as well as the traffic to your website, most of the time, exactly 99.9% of the time you are wrong .

Lot website  use the keywords factor to often order to try to get good placement in the search engine and the search engine may pick up the website as spamming, plus the content of the website look like a crap.

In addition to using good keywords and the write quantity to improve the  search engine placement, make sure that the content of the website is actually useful and not just nonsense. For example, if the site are operating a  information on airline ticket, make sure that is what the site talk about and not other site say the same information. Do not include information on airline ticket key chains for example as this will irritate the visitor to your site.

Another great way to improve search engine placement in your kitchen is to ask people that are operating similar websites to put a link to your website on their website. The reason behind this is that not everyone that uses the internet uses a search engine, some people simply prefer to follow the primitive way of  links, to from one site to another. This way, if you have your link on a website that is similar to yours, chances are that the visitor will also visit your site just to have a look around,not sure about the quality of the visitors but is just for start and get some click in you site.

If you follow the tips mentioned above, you will definitely be able to improve your search engine placement in five six years.

Looking for an easy way to expand you sales and earn a little extra money by selling on the internet? If you are like one of the many Americans that do what this, then it is crucial for your website to contain good web content. The best rule to make a great content is to pay attention to the language, here 18 writing tools for grammar,style and content.

By definition, web or blog content is classified as the visual, text or verbal content that is experienced by users when they visit websites or blogs on the internet. These sites may include a variety of media to design their website or blog such as videos, sounds, pictures and even at times, animations. This is all done to entice the customer to stay on your website or blog long enough so that they can view what you have to offer and then purchase it accordingly. Similarly, this is done as well to attract people to blogs; so in essence, the blog content must be relevant and captivating as well.

How to Develop Web Content or Blog Content:

The first thing you must decide on when developing web content or blog content is the theme that you want your website or blog to create. For example, if you are creating an informative website or blog telling the reader about a certain product or service that you or a company is offering, then what you should do is start typing up articles related to that information.

Make sure that the article is packed with information about the product or service but at the same time, it is user friendly as to not bore the reader or potential customer. To do so, make sure that you include images of the product or service or testimonies from people that have used the product or service that you are selling or advertising.

How to Improve Web Content and Blog Content:

In order for you to improve the web content on your website or the blog content on your blog, you must make sure that the information that you have up on your website or blog is relevant to the product or service that you are talking about.

If the content on your website or blog is about cars and your website content or blog content refers to the day in a life of a cat, then readers will not be interested as they do not want to know about cats, they want to know about cars and this is exactly the reason why they came to your site or blog. In addition, make sure that you content is up to date with all the new information about the product or service that you are talking about.

By developing and improving your web content and/or your blog content, you will be able to generate more traffic to your respective sites in a very short amount of time.

Bartering can be traced back to 9000 BC, when shepherds used to trade cattle; from sheep to cows, camels to goats. Then when farming came to existence, grains ad plants where the ‘in-commodity’ in the world of bartering. Bartering may have dissolved over the years, but it has not completely disappeared. It still exists today as the ideal method of business exchange for some businesses seeking to get a leg up on their competition.

Bartering goods and services online provides various advantages. For new firms, who have just started growing their business and building up assets, bartering saves up their cash.   Bartering for goods and services is more worthwhile because you can actually feel the value of your own goods and services. Businesses with obsolete inventory or undervalued assets can use bartering because it yields a much better value than liquidating them for cash. The undervalued asset can be traded at closer to book value rather than the market price for something of value or finance all or part of the cost of products or services (e.g., advertising) they need, thus recovering significant amount of lost revenue. Bartering also increases the buying power and consumer base and is a great way to finance businesses. Bartering allows you to trade products, services and/or promotional efforts from media advertising to printing, from accounting to lawyers and dentists’ services etc. Corporate barter transactions can involve trading of millions of dollars worth of goods or services conducted on behalf of large companies.

To get into bartering, businesses must obtain complete information by hiring a bartering consultant or joining an online bartering website/group or finding a bartering club or exchange in your area.

Online barter consultants are familiar with the industry and the advantages and potential disadvantages of bartering. They would be able to help with setting up the barter department of the company and get you started on the right track.  If you want to move your business beyond your local boundaries, then you can hire a big firm that lets you barter internationally. The reputation of the consultancy, how long they have been in business, their network with other barter companies, diversity of goods and services they deal in etc, all these things have to be explored when looking for an online barter consultancy.

Lulz Secuirty is a name given to a loosely tied together group of hackers that operate to bring their form of Web justice to the Internet. This weekend they hacked into the US Senate website for fun and posted files online.The Senate claims that the security of staff had not been compromised but the attack had been “inconvenient”. The attack has caused major concern and a holistic security review of the Senate website is under way. Those that administrate the website had become aware of the attack at the weekend and are making sure if any other sites hosted on that domain had been compromised.

Martina Bradford, who is the Senate Deputy Sergeant-at-Arms, states “Specifically, there is no individual user account information on the server supporting senate gov that could have been compromised.” The release is held at http://lulzsecurity.com/releases/, having had a look it seems that nothing of much interest had been stolen. Lulz Security are doing this in the hope of getting some reaction, their tag line is ‘laughing at your security since 2011”.

The attack is probably directly related to a comment made by unnamed military official in the Wall Street Journal about missiles and smokestacks. At the top of the Lulz Security report the hacker team wrote:

“We don’t like the US government very much. Their boats are weak, their lulz are low, and their sites aren’t very secure. In an attempt to help them fix their issues, we’ve decided to donate additional lulz in the form of owning them some more!

This is a small, just-for-kicks release of some internal data from Senate.gov – is this an act of war, gentleman? Problem?”

It will be interesting to see how the US government reacts to this taunting.