Potentially libelous comments that have been posted on Google’s Blogger.com will now have to be quickly removed by the search engine giant based on a court appeal ruling in London.According to a u UK high court ruling, last year, Google only has a limited window of 5 weeks in which to remove libelous content on a Google blogpost before it could face a libel action. 

Lord Justice Richards, master of rolls chose to stand with the high court and decline an appeal of the original court action. This was done because there was no evidence about the amount of people that read the offence blog comments.

Commercial litigator Ian de Freitas along with Berwin Leighton Paisner stated that the court ruling was essentially a “blow” to Google, since the court ruling made Google responsible for any libelous content that they are made aware of but have not taken action on.

This core of this case was based on Payam Tamiz, who was a past conservative party local council candidate and a law student. Last year the student tried to sue Google Inc because of libel content on the London Muslim blog that was of course created on the Blogger platform of the search giant. Tamiz attempted to sue Google because negative content about him weren’t promptly removed by Google.

The ruling from this case is viewed as a milestone action as the matter of Google’s liability for libelous content on its blogging platform has never been addressed before.

According to Eady Google’s responsibility to a libelous post was merely that of an unlucky owner. However, he did acknowledge that a 5 week period to remove libelous content was “not outside the bounds of a reasonable response”.

However, the court of appeal disagreed and stated that a period of 5 weeks “was sufficiently long to leave room for an inference adverse to Google Inc”.

Tamiz’s lawyer stated that he wasn’t happy about the result of the libelous ranking case, but was happy that he played a part in clearing up the law in such a way that it can be beneficial to others. As for Google, it said that it will keep on operating in accordance to the law.According to Webandrank.com “libelous content  is any false information posted online in forum, blog or comment about a person that causes any damages to that company or person reputation”.Having libelous content removed fron Google take long time and the removed capacity is very small in front to a massive and premeditate lebelous attack  of if the internet intermediaries.Remove negative keywords or libelous is running all the time and sometimes more the specific processes work in order to be effective with all internet entity.

Starting a business is a very exhilarating experience fraught with the success, worries, and failures. When you start a business you are responsible for coming up with ideas and make them happen, everything from production to marketing to sales, you are involved everywhere. The main focus of any business is on sales and marketing, and now online marketing, SEO and SEM is the vital component for any web site rank and marketing strategy.

Today every business is applying SEO practices to their business, it is nothing but one way of advertising, increasing the online exposure of the brand. With the increase in social media popularity all companies have started to focus on online brand building and recognition, they start to call it brand optimization. Most of the startup companies run on tight cash situation, and this can be the most important reason to incorporate SEO in their marketing strategies.Thousands of beginnerd and professional marketers looking to optimize their organic search results and handle the tedious work to growing online in order to create low cost and effective marketing startegy for startups.

Why Use SEO As A Marketing Strategy

As I already mentioned since startups has the problem of investment at earlier stages, so SEO can provide a better exposure without any big expenses. Here are few other reasons for using SEO as one of the marketing strategies.

• Save on advertising: Billions of people come online everyday and search for the answers of their queries. Ask yourself, “what does advertisement does for a business?” and “what does SEO offer?”, isn’t both are same, then why spend your money on advertising when SEO can do that for you. It helps you to come up on top when people search for your product, now think of the exposure your product and brand is getting with SEO.
• Be There: Think yourself, how many times you go to the Google and search for something? Exactly, billions of people do that everyday. So let SEO bring your product or service in front of the users.

What SEO Offers

• Audience targeting: SEO works for increasing the number people coming to your website through the organic search results. There are lots of other factors that have effects on your search engine ranking, when you start working on SEO for your site the most important factor that helps you first is the actual ranking of your website at that time, higher ranking can boost the process. While measuring the success you should watch the progress in search engine ranking, and another important thing you should look at is the results for branded and non branded keywords. If the branded search is increasing then it’s a good indication, it means you have already made a presence of your brand.
• Reinforcement of other marketing strategies:Search engine optimization also has the potential to boost the effect of other marketing strategies like SEM, PPC, etc…. If your website urls, and the pages are well optimized for SEO, the social media sharing will be more effective.

Why Startups Can Leverage Web Ranking

• Flexibility: A startup has more flexible operations than a well established company. A well established company will have a proper and long chain of operation and everything has to go through with that, on the other hand a startup has a completely flexible system. If you consider the content development process alone you can see the difference in the chart below:

• Novelty:For a startup it is a great advantage, they are bringing something with novelty, something new to the market. Anything that is interesting and fresh appears to become more active and with social media marketing it has potential to be viral.

Web site ranking is something like meditation, it is an ongoing journey, and full enlightenment requires a lifetime of work. You should plan your web ranking strategies for startup very carefully.

A merchant can understand how much time consuming the process of fulfilling and shipping out the orders are, and the effort it takes to deliver the orders, and because of this, often times cost is the last thing in the mind of merchant that time.
Lots of the merchants rely on the third party order management software that helps expedite the whole shipping process. But those, who fulfill the orders themselves have a hard time to keep their costing below the line and still make a streamlined self served shipping process. Here are few shipping tips that can help you to save your company some effort, time and money.

Build good relationship with a reliable partner
When you choose any company as your shipping partner, you should not use many companies at a time. This will cause you a reduction in the volume of shipping through a single partner. It would be good if you stick to a reliable shipping partner, in this case you will have a larger volume of shipment and you can get a good deal out of it. And also the cost cutting wouldn’t be worth the loss of consistency in your customer experience. If you form a good and reliable partnership with a shipping company you can also recommend them to your vendors and it may provide you even larger discounts.

Consider shipping as a marketing cost
Every effort of any merchant is for customer acquisition and their satisfaction, so you should consider your shipping cost as a marketing cost. As an example a company had offered 4 years free return shipping instead of their usual 1 year free return policy during the Feb 2012. As a result they got the majority of their products shipped back in the first week , it only increases their cost which they have considered as a marketing cost. But at the end, they had improved their customer base and customer satisfaction and reputation as well.

Open A warehouse near your shipper
It is always a better option to have a warehouse near your shipper, it will save you a lot of time and money. It allows you to deliver quickly, and today when everyone is competing for quick turnaround time, it becomes even more important. Even when your customers return goods it will take very less time to update the customers credits for returned item.

Encourage return to drive sales
We want to make our customers happy and satisfied with the service, and liberal return policies can make them happen. It is the concept of “try and buy”. You should provide your customer an option to order two different sizes of the product to make sure which one fits better. It will obviously increase your cost of return shipments, but the other part of this is the increase in sale. Because, it will reduce the customer’s hesitancy to place the order, hence increase in sales.

Deliver fast, but return slow
For a customer it doesn’t matter if you get the return shipment after one day or two days, what matters for them is they get on time delivery. So your focus should be on your main deliveries not on the return shipments.
In an online business, the most important and non-negotiable aspect of your customer relationship is the delivery. So, give your customers choices, while considering your options carefully.

Hotel and Resort industry marketing involves quite a bit more than just running ads. Placing ads in magazines, billboard or any other media outlets, you can describe it as a good marketing and advertising method but not a smart method. Now the hotel and resort owners and managers are utilizing direct response marketing method in every advert they run.

Now people are too much involved with the internet that they search of every single need and query on the internet dozen times a day. Recently Google has released a report and according to that almost “90% of the customers uses multiple screens to perform simple tasks online”, either it is a hotel and resort booking or shopping or getting information.

The social media have become the latest big development in the business advertising and marketing methods, today if a company is not using and create value with the social media marketing for their business they are losing a large percentage of customers presence. Social media marketing is the most productive way of marketing for the majority of  tourism business especially who do their business online like hotel, resorts, and all tourism industry, its obvious now to search for places to go, travel options, hotels etc… whenever anyone wants to go on holiday. So for a hotel and resort business it is very important to utilize the social media marketing  and web ranking service combines to attract customers more efficiently in terms of ROI is vital to staying afloat .

When I ask to any small business owner “why they run their ads?” most of the time I get a very obvious answer, “To keep their brand name in front of their customers” they want people to know about them and their special offers and events. Now since you all are aware of the power of social media tell me, would it be anything else more effective that social media marketing to achieve that. The answer will be simpler, NO.

Another question I asked for the business of hotels and resorts owners is “how do they know which advertisement channel is working for them?, which channel is bringing more paying customers?”. Well, the answer was quite obvious, most of them have no idea what is working for them. In the current market situation where people go to the internet for everything, online marketing and social media marketing prove to be more effective for hotel and resort marketing campaigns. They even have a record of everything like percentage of reach of the people, conversion ratio, and lots of other factors involved in an effective campaign. You can know exactly what is working for you, what is bringing you more paying customers.

Marketing A Hotel And Resort Business Online                   

It is the fact that travel and tourism industry has the greatest potential to grow their market online. But still most of the hotel and resort owners use only traditional methods of marketing, even if they have online presence they just set up a website and forget about it. If you want to engage your audience online you need to treat web  marketing as a living entity. People research for the places and hotel and book hotels online, So you should make it more efficient way to advertise your business and ensuring that all results are measurable and verifiable . You can either increase your web ranking  through your website or you can use social media giant Facebook, Twitter, Google+, etc.… and encourage reviews and testimonials because customers search for reviews and they make their mind based on the reviews from clients.

The key to success in hotel and resort marketing online is to be findable.Findability score must be improved via web ranking service and solid branding startegy..

HotelTonight has made its first acquisition on Wednesday as it proceeded to purchase PrimaTable – a San Francisco based company. The purchase will help to make HotelTonight become a more exclusive and personal experience when it comes to reserving last minute hotels. PrimaTable is renown for it’s ability to develop inventory demand forecasting and pricing tools for the restaurant industry to be specific. They will now join forces with HotelTonight in the hopes of applying their algorithms and expertise to the hotel industry.

Only earlier this month, HotelTonight proved that they are ready to dominate the hotel industry and set the future for their company. They released an upgrade to their mobile app which brings hotel recommendations to consumers based on their previous visits and experiences. Previously, the app only showed 3 recommendations to users based on their location. The new application gives users more flexibility and shows hotels that are more tailored for their needs. Now, consumers can view hotels based on their previous experience, and also what similar users have enjoyed. HotelTonight currently only works with mobile phones, but it’s specialty is allowing any user to book their hotels stay up until 2 a.m. every single night. Other hotel booking services aren’t able to match it either. In addition, HotelTonight specifically hand picks the hotels they choose to work with – ensuring the highest quality hotel visits for their clients.

HotelTonight’s co-founder explained that he ultimately wants to keep tweaking the application to perfection. In an interview with Mashable, he described his thoughts and feelings regarding the new application. He described that in the future, he wants the application to display one hotel listing which is specifically tailored for the consumers individual needs. He wants to provide relevant and accurate results and ensure that the hotel booking fees are kept as minimal as possible. The partnership with PrimaTable has surprised a lot of businesses, companies and news agencies alike. It’s believed that much bigger, multi-billion companies wanted to work alongside PrimaTable, but instead they chose to work with HotelTonight.

Jamie Davidson, the Co-Founder and CEO of PrimaTable will be joining HotelTonight as the vice president of product. Davidson’s experience spans far and wide, and he is renown in the industry for his expertise. In fact, he has previously worked at Google as a quantitative expert, specifically in charge of optimizing and improving Google’s display algorithm.

With the two companies now working together, it’s only a matter of time before HotelTonight becomes a worldwide sensation. While the company specifically caters for the mobile needs of consumers, it’s widely rumored that the company will expand into the worldwide internet in the coming months and years.

Simon spoke to Mashable and said that he wants to create a better algorithm for the current mobile application, in order to cater for the needs of users. He wants to optimize the app for determining the demand of rooms, and setting individual prices based on demand. This model will offer more revenue to hotels as rooms become limited, and additional income to hotels that are currently experiencing low bookings. As a result, hotel’s will be happier to make more rooms available to HotelTonight users, which in turn will help users to identify more rooms and options. The algorithm currently used is highly technical, but Simon wants to go one-step further and tweak it to perfection.

“Our philosophy toward our users and our hotels has always been we want to make sure that they make as educated a decision as possible,” says Simon. “We want to give them as much information as we can so that everyone feels like they’re empowered”.

To date, the HotelTonight application has received over 3 million downloads worldwide and is currently available in 60 countries. These countries include the United Kingdom, United States, Canada and the majority of European countries. For users in Amsterdam, you’ll be glad to know that the application is soon coming your way.

With the merge of HotelTonight and PrimaTable, it’s almost certain that the hotel booking industry is about to experience a complete rehaul. These two companies possess both the staff and expertise in the industry to change the way typical hotel bookings take place.

Small businesses make this 4 big mistakes in terms of their web basic SEO structure, if experiance is best teacher save this infographic in order to avoid the 4 biggest ranking mistakes.

I’m going to run briefly through the top rank checkers software and give you some basic information about them, plus I’ll be discussing which I use and why I like this particular one.This article review won’t be either exhaustive or highly researched simply because I’ve sat back and listened to what others have said about the various tools out there and then found something which made sense…, which I jumped on.So some of what I’m putting down here is purely hearsay and not first-hand information but what I’ll be telling you will be based on what I’ve actually read online as well as various conversations I’ve had with others who’ve used the various programs.  I’ll be upfront now and tell you that I haven’t tested all the software thoroughly myself but I can tell you that I’m pretty much ahead with the latest in SEO.

I won’t be comparing prices as I think that most of the software charge a reasonable and fair amount but they all have a trial/free version for you to try out before you commit to buy.  By the end of this article, you should, at the very least, have a list of 5 programs on which you can do some further research and make your choice.Market Samurai was originally my rank checker of choice, simply as I wasn’t checking many keywords, but it was way too slow.  Moreover, as I got more serious about SEO, I felt I wanted to move onto something different and then Advanced Web Ranking dropped in performance, claiming that Google had made changes that affected their rank checker software. Speculation was that they could no longer economically support the huge amount of rank checks made on their servers each day so they shut down whilst they re-evaluated their system.  They’ve since re-opened but shutting down gave me a good excuse to start using a better rank checker.

I use only Advanced Web Ranking , don’t get me wrong; I use their keyword research and competition analysis tools all the time and I still believe it’s a great investment for these purposes, but for rank checking, I can’t really recommend it.So you may be asking who exactly are the big players that are being used by those in the know about SEO?  I’ll be listing them here and giving you a few details about each one, then it’s your personal choice which one you decide to go for.

LIST OF RANK CHECKER

Rank Checker

Micro Site Masters

Market Samurai

Link Assistant

Sescout

Clever Stat

Tracking your website search engine placement efforts is very important. Without it you simply cannot estimate how well you’re doing and what should be your next step in order to be in the top of your market.

The Coming War on General Computation by Cory Doctorow doctorow@craphound.comPresented at 28C3 transcript attribution by Joshua Wise joshua@joshuawise.com.So, when I speak in places where the first language of the nation is not English, there is a disclaimer and an apology, because I’m one of nature’s fast talkers. When I was at the United Nations at the World Intellectual Property Organization, I was known as the “scourge” of the simultaneous translation corps; I would stand up and speak, and turn around, and there would be window after window of translator, and every one of them would be doing this [Doctorow facepalms]. [Audience laughs] So in advance, I give you permission when I start talking quickly to do this [Doctorow makes SOS motion] and I will slow down.

[[74.1]] So, tonight’s talk — wah, wah, waaah [Doctorow makes 'fail horn' sound, apparently in response to audience making SOS motion; audience laughs]] — tonight’s talk is not a copyright talk. I do copyright talks all the time; questions about culture and creativity are interesting enough, but to be honest, I’m quite sick of them. If you want to hear freelancer writers like me bang on about what’s happening to the way we earn our living, by all means, go and find one of the many talks I’ve done on this subject on YouTube. But, tonight, I want to talk about something more important — I want talk to talk about general purpose computers.

Because general purpose computers are, in fact, astounding — so astounding that our society is still struggling to come to grips with them: to figure out what they’re for, to figure out how to accommodate them, and how to cope with them. Which, unfortunately, brings me back to copyright.

[[133.8]] Because the general shape of the copyright wars and the lessons they can teach us about the upcoming fights over the destiny of the general purpose computer are important. In the beginning, we had packaged software, and the attendant industry, and we had sneakernet. So, we had floppy disks in ziplock bags, or in cardboard boxes, hung on pegs in shops, and sold like candy bars and magazines. And they were eminently susceptible to duplication, and so they were duplicated quickly, and widely, and this was to the great chagrin of people who made and sold software.

[[172.6]] Enter DRM 0.96. They started to introduce physical defects to the disks or started to insist on other physical indicia which the software could check for — dongles, hidden sectors, challenge/response protocols that required that you had physical possession of large, unwieldy manuals that were difficult to copy, and of course these failed, for two reasons. First, they were commercially unpopular, of course, because they reduced the usefulness of the software to the legitimate purchasers, while leaving the people who took the software without paying for it untouched. The legitimate purchasers resented the non-functionality of their backups, they hated the loss of scarce ports to the authentication dongles, and they resented the inconvenience of having to transport large manuals when they wanted to run their software. And second, these didn’t stop pirates, who found it trivial to patch the software and bypass authentication. Typically, the way that happened is some expert who had possession of technology and expertise of equivalent sophistication to the software vendor itself, would reverse engineer the software and release cracked versions that quickly became widely circulated. While this kind of expertise and technology sounded highly specialized, it really wasn’t; figuring out what recalcitrant programs were doing, and routing around the defects in shitty floppy disk media were both core skills for computer programmers, and were even more so in the era of fragile floppy disks and the rough-and-ready early days of software development. Anti-copying strategies only became more fraught as networks spread; once we had BBSes, online services, USENET newsgroups, and mailing lists, the expertise of people who figured out how to defeat these authentication systems could be packaged up in software as little crack files, or, as the network capacity increased, the cracked disk images or executables themselves could be spread on their own.

[[296.4]] Which gave us DRM 1.0. By 1996, it became clear to everyone in the halls of power that there was something important about to happen. We were about to have an information economy, whatever the hell that was. They assumed it meant an economy where we bought and sold information. Now, information technology makes things efficient, so imagine the markets that an information economy would have. You could buy a book for a day, you could sell the right to watch the movie for one Euro, and then you could rent out the pause button at one penny per second. You could sell movies for one price in one country, and another price in another, and so on, and so on; the fantasies of those days were a little like a boring science fiction adaptation of the Old Testament book of Numbers, a kind of tedious enumeration of every permutation of things people do with information and the ways we could charge them for it.

[[355.5]] But none of this would be possible unless we could control how people use their computers and the files we transfer to them. After all, it was well and good to talk about selling someone the 24 hour right to a video, or the right to move music onto an iPod, but not the right to move music from the iPod onto another device, but how the Hell could you do that once you’d given them the file? In order to do that, to make this work, you needed to figure out how to stop computers from running certain programs and inspecting certain files and processes. For example, you could encrypt the file, and then require the user to run a program that only unlocked the file under certain circumstances.

[[395.8]] But as they say on the Internet, “now you have two problems”. You also, now, have to stop the user from saving the file while it’s in the clear, and you have to stop the user from figuring out where the unlocking program stores its keys, because if the user finds the keys, she’ll just decrypt the file and throw away that stupid player app.

[[416.6]] And now you have three problems [audience laughs], because now you have to stop the users who figure out how to render the file in the clear from sharing it with other users, and now you’ve got four! problems, because now you have to stop the users who figure out how to extract secrets from unlocking programs from telling other users how to do it too, and now you’ve got five! problems, because now you have to stop users who figure out how to extract secrets from unlocking programs from telling other users what the secrets were!

[[442.0]] That’s a lot of problems. But by 1996, we had a solution. We had the WIPO Copyright Treaty, passed by the United Nations World Intellectual Property Organization, which created laws that made it illegal to extract secrets from unlocking programs, and it created laws that made it illegal to extract media cleartexts from the unlocking programs while they were running, and it created laws that made it illegal to tell people how to extract secrets from unlocking programs, and created laws that made it illegal to host copyrighted works and secrets and all with a handy streamlined process that let you remove stuff from the internet without having to screw around with lawyers, and judges, and all that crap. And with that, illegal copying ended forever [audience laughs very hard, applauds], the information economy blossomed into a beautiful flower that brought prosperity to the whole wide world; as they say on the aircraft carriers, “Mission Accomplished”. [audience laughs]

[[511.0]] Well, of course that’s not how the story ends because pretty much anyone who understood computers and networks understood that while these laws would create more problems than they could possibly solve; after all, these were laws that made it illegal to look inside your computer when it was running certain programs, they made it illegal to tell people what you found when you looked inside your computer, they made it easy to censor material on the internet without having to prove that anything wrong had happened; in short, they made unrealistic demands on reality and reality did not oblige them. After all, copying only got easier following the passage of these laws — copying will only ever get easier! Here, 2011, this is as hard as copying will get! Your grandchildren will turn to you around the Christmas table and say “Tell me again, Grandpa, tell me again, Grandma, about when it was hard to copy things in 2011, when you couldn’t get a drive the size of your fingernail that could hold every song ever recorded, every movie ever made, every word ever spoken, every picture ever taken, everything, and transfer it in such a short period of time you didn’t even notice it was doing it, tell us again when it was so stupidly hard to copy things back in 2011″. And so, reality asserted itself, and everyone had a good laugh over how funny our misconceptions were when we entered the 21st century, and then a lasting peace was reached with freedom and prosperity for all. [audience chuckles]

[[593.5]] Well, not really. Because, like the nursery rhyme lady who swallows a spider to catch a fly, and has to swallow a bird to catch the spider, and a cat to catch the bird, and so on, so must a regulation that has broad general appeal but is disastrous in its implementation beget a new regulation aimed at shoring up the failure of the old one. Now, it’s tempting to stop the story here and conclude that the problem is that lawmakers are either clueless or evil, or possibly evilly clueless, and just leave it there, which is not a very satisfying place to go, because it’s fundamentally a council of despair; it suggests that our problems cannot be solved for so long as stupidity and evilness are present in the halls of power, which is to say they will never be solved. But I have another theory about what’s happened.

[[644.4]] It’s not that regulators don’t understand information technology, because it should be possible to be a non-expert and still make a good law! M.P.s and Congressmen and so on are elected to represent districts and people, not disciplines and issues. We don’t have a Member of Parliament for biochemistry, and we don’t have a Senator from the great state of urban planning, and we don’t have an M.E.P. from child welfare. (But perhaps we should.) And yet those people who are experts in policy and politics, not technical disciplines, nevertheless, often do manage to pass good rules that make sense, and that’s because government relies on heuristics — rules of thumbs about how to balance expert input from different sides of an issue.

[[686.3]] But information technology confounds these heuristics — it kicks the crap out of them — in one important way, and this is it. One important test of whether or not a regulation is fit for a purpose is first, of course, whether it will work, but second of all, whether or not in the course of doing its work, it will have lots of effects on everything else. If I wanted Congress to write, or Parliament to write, or the E.U. to regulate a wheel, it’s unlikely I’d succeed. If I turned up and said “well, everyone knows that wheels are good and right, but have you noticed that every single bank robber has four wheels on his car when he drives away from the bank robbery? Can’t we do something about this?”, the answer would of course be “no”. Because we don’t know how to make a wheel that is still generally useful for legitimate wheel applications but useless to bad guys. And we can all see that the general benefits of wheels are so profound that we’d be foolish to risk them in a foolish errand to stop bank robberies by changing wheels. Even if there were an /epidemic/ of bank robberies, even if society were on the verge of collapse thanks to bank robberies, no-one would think that wheels were the right place to start solving our problems.

[[762.0]] But. If I were to show up in that same body to say that I had absolute proof that hands-free phones were making cars dangerous, and I said, “I would like you to pass a law that says it’s illegal to put a hands-free phone in a car”, the regulator might say “Yeah, I’d take your point, we’d do that”. And we might disagree about whether or not this is a good idea, or whether or not my evidence made sense, but very few of us would say “well, once you take the hands-free phones out of the car, they stop being cars”. We understand that we can keep cars cars even if we remove features from them. Cars are special purpose, at least in comparison to wheels, and all that the addition of a hands-free phone does is add one more feature to an already-specialized technology. In fact, there’s that heuristic that we can apply here — special-purpose technologies are complex. And you can remove features from them without doing fundamental disfiguring violence to their underlying utility.

[[816.5]] This rule of thumb serves regulators well, by and large, but it is rendered null and void by the general-purpose computer and the general-purpose network — the PC and the Internet. Because if you think of computer software as a feature, that is a computer with spreadsheets running on it has a spreadsheet feature, and one that’s running World of Warcraft has an MMORPG feature, then this heuristic leads you to think that you could reasonably say, “make me a computer that doesn’t run spreadsheets”, and that it would be no more of an attack on computing than “make me a car without a hands-free phone” is an attack on cars. And if you think of protocols and sites as features of the network, then saying “fix the Internet so that it doesn’t run BitTorrent”, or “fix the Internet so that thepiratebay.org no longer resolves”, then it sounds a lot like “change the sound of busy signals”, or “take that pizzeria on the corner off the phone network”, and not like an attack on the fundamental principles of internetworking.

[[870.5]] Not realizing that this rule of thumb that works for cars and for houses and for every other substantial area of technological regulation fails for the Internet does not make you evil and it does not make you an ignoramus. It just makes you part of that vast majority of the world for whom ideas like “Turing complete” and “end-to-end” are meaningless. So, our regulators go off, and they blithely pass these laws, and they become part of the reality of our technological world. There are suddenly numbers that we aren’t allowed to write down on the Internet, programs we’re not allowed to publish, and all it takes to make legitimate material disappear from the Internet is to say “that? That infringes copyright.”. It fails to attain the actual goal of the regulation; it doesn’t stop people from violating copyright, but it bears a kind of superficial resemblance to copyright enforcement — it satisfies the security syllogism: “something must be done, I am doing something, something has been done.” And thus any failures that arise can be blamed on the idea that the regulation doesn’t go far enough, rather than the idea that it was flawed from the outset.

[[931.2]] This kind of superficial resemblance and underlying divergence happens in other engineering contexts. I’ve a friend who was once a senior executive at a big consumer packaged goods company who told me about what happened when the marketing department told the engineers that they’d thought up a great idea for detergent: from now on, they were going to make detergent that made your clothes newer every time you washed them! Well after the engineers had tried unsuccessfully to convey the concept of “entropy” to the marketing department [audience laughs], they arrived at another solution — “solution” — they’d develop a detergent that used enzymes that attacked loose fiber ends, the kind that you get with broken fibers that make your clothes look old. So every time you washed your clothes in the detergent, they would look newer. But that was because the detergent was literally digesting your clothes! Using it would literally cause your clothes to dissolve in the washing machine! This was the opposite of making clothes newer; instead, you were artificially aging your clothes every time you washed them, and as the user, the more you deployed the “solution”, the more drastic your measures had to be to keep your clothes up to date — you actually had to go buy new clothes because the old ones fell apart.

[[1012.5]] So today we have marketing departments who say things like “we don’t need computers, we need… appliances. Make me a computer that doesn’t run every program, just a program that does this specialized task, like streaming audio, or routing packets, or playing Xbox games, and make sure it doesn’t run programs that I haven’t authorized that might undermine our profits”. And on the surface, this seems like a reasonable idea — just a program that does one specialized task — after all, we can put an electric motor in a blender, and we can install a motor in a dishwasher, and we don’t worry if it’s still possible to run a dishwashing program in a blender. But that’s not what we do when we turn a computer into an appliance. We’re not making a computer that runs only the “appliance” app; we’re making a computer that can run every program, but which uses some combination of rootkits, spyware, and code-signing to prevent the user from knowing which processes are running, from installing her own software, and from terminating processes that she doesn’t want. In other words, an appliance is not a stripped-down computer — it is a fully functional computer with spyware on it out of the box.

[audience applauds loudly] Thanks.

[[1090.5]] Because we don’t know how to build the general purpose computer that is capable of running any program we can compile except for some program that we don’t like, or that we prohibit by law, or that loses us money. The closest approximation that we have to this is a computer with spyware — a computer on which remote parties set policies without the computer user’s knowledge, over the objection of the computer’s owner. And so it is that digital rights management always converges on malware.

[[1118.9]] There was, of course, this famous incident, a kind of gift to people who have this hypothesis, in which Sony loaded covert rootkit installers on 6 million audio CDs, which secretly executed programs that watched for attempts to read the sound files on CDs, and terminated them, and which also hid the rootkit’s existence by causing the kernel to lie about which processes were running, and which files were present on the drive. But it’s not the only example; just recently, Nintendo shipped the 3DS, which opportunistically updates its firmware, and does an integrity check to make sure that you haven’t altered the old firmware in any way, and if it detects signs of tampering, it bricks itself.

[[1158.8]] Human rights activists have raised alarms over U-EFI, the new PC bootloader, which restricts your computer so it runs signed operating systems, noting that repressive governments will likely withhold signatures from OSes unless they have covert surveillance operations.

[[1175.5]] And on the network side, attempts to make a network that can’t be used for copyright infringement always converges with the surveillance measures that we know from repressive governments. So, SOPA, the U.S. Stop Online Piracy Act, bans tools like DNSSec because they can be used to defeat DNS blocking measures. And it blocks tools like Tor, because they can be used to circumvent IP blocking measures. In fact, the proponents of SOPA, the Motion Picture Association of America, circulated a memo, citing research that SOPA would probably work, because it uses the same measures as are used in Syria, China, and Uzbekistan, and they argued that these measures are effective in those countries, and so they would work in America, too!

[audience laughs and applauds] Don’t applaud me, applaud the MPAA!

[[1221.5]] Now, it may seem like SOPA is the end game in a long fight over copyright, and the internet, and it may seem like if we defeat SOPA, we’ll be well on our way to securing the freedom of PCs and networks. But as I said at the beginning of this talk, this isn’t about copyright, because the copyright wars are just the 0.9 beta version of the long coming war on computation. The entertainment industry were just the first belligerents in this coming century-long conflict. We tend to think of them as particularly successful — after all, here is SOPA, trembling on the verge of passage, and breaking the internet on this fundamental level in the name of preserving Top 40 music, reality TV shows, and Ashton Kutcher movies! [laughs, scattered applause]

[[1270.2]] But the reality is, copyright legislation gets as far as it does precisely because it’s not taken seriously, which is why on one hand, Canada has had Parliament after Parliament introduce one stupid copyright bill after another, but on the other hand, Parliament after Parliament has failed to actually vote on the bill. It’s why we got SOPA, a bill composed of pure stupid, pieced together molecule-by-molecule, into a kind of “Stupidite 250″, which is normally only found in the heart of newborn star, and it’s why these rushed-through SOPA hearings had to be adjourned midway through the Christmas break, so that lawmakers could get into a real vicious nationally-infamous debate over an important issue, unemployment insurance. It’s why the World Intellectual Property Organization is gulled time and again into enacting crazed, pig-ignorant copyright proposals because when the nations of the world send their U.N. missions to Geneva, they send water experts, not copyright experts; they send health experts, not copyright experts; they send agriculture experts, not copyright experts, because copyright is just not important to pretty much everyone! [applause]

[[1350.3]] Canada’s Parliament didn’t vote on its copyright bills because, of all the things that Canada needs to do, fixing copyright ranks well below health emergencies on first nations reservations, exploiting the oil patch in Alberta, interceding in sectarian resentments among French- and English-speakers, solving resources crises in the nation’s fisheries, and thousand other issues! The triviality of copyright tells you that when other sectors of the economy start to evince concerns about the internet and the PC, that copyright will be revealed for a minor skirmish, and not a war. Why would other sectors nurse grudges against computers? Well, because the world we live in today is /made/ of computers. We don’t have cars anymore, we have computers we ride in; we don’t have airplanes anymore, we have flying Solaris boxes with a big bucketful of SCADA controllers [laughter]; a 3D printer is not a device, it’s a peripheral, and it only works connected to a computer; a radio is no longer a crystal, it’s a general-purpose computer with a fast ADC and a fast DAC and some software.

[[1418.9]] The grievances that arose from unauthorized copying are trivial, when compared to the calls for action that our new computer-embroidered reality will create. Think of radio for a minute. The entire basis for radio regulation up until today was based on the idea that the properties of a radio are fixed at the time of manufacture, and can’t be easily altered. You can’t just flip a switch on your baby monitor, and turn it into something that interferes with air traffic control signals. But powerful software-defined radios can change from baby monitor to emergency services dispatcher to air traffic controller just by loading and executing different software, which is why the first time the American telecoms regulator (the FCC) considered what would happen when we put SDRs in the field, they asked for comment on whether it should mandate that all software-defined radios should be embedded in trusted computing machines. Ultimately, whether every PC should be locked, so that the programs they run are strictly regulated by central authorities.

[[1477.9]] And even this is a shadow of what is to come. After all, this was the year in which we saw the debut of open sourced shape files for converting AR-15s to full automatic. This was the year of crowd-funded open-sourced hardware for gene sequencing. And while 3D printing will give rise to plenty of trivial complaints, there will be judges in the American South and Mullahs in Iran who will lose their minds over people in their jurisdiction printing out sex toys. [guffaw from audience] The trajectory of 3D printing will most certainly raise real grievances, from solid state meth labs, to ceramic knives.

[[1516.0]] And it doesn’t take a science fiction writer to understand why regulators might be nervous about the user-modifiable firmware on self-driving cars, or limiting interoperability for aviation controllers, or the kind of thing you could do with bio-scale assemblers and sequencers. Imagine what will happen the day that Monsanto determines that it’s really… really… important to make sure that computers can’t execute programs that cause specialized peripherals to output organisms that eat their lunch… literally. Regardless of whether you think these are real problems or merely hysterical fears, they are nevertheless the province of lobbies and interest groups that are far more influential than Hollywood and big content are on their best days, and every one of them will arrive at the same place — “can’t you just make us a general purpose computer that runs all the programs, except the ones that scare and anger us? Can’t you just make us an Internet that transmits any message over any protocol between any two points, unless it upsets us?”

[[1576.3]] And personally, I can see that there will be programs that run on general purpose computers and peripherals that will even freak me out. So I can believe that people who advocate for limiting general purpose computers will find receptive audience for their positions. But just as we saw with the copyright wars, banning certain instructions, or protocols, or messages, will be wholly ineffective as a means of prevention and remedy; and as we saw in the copyright wars, all attempts at controlling PCs will converge on rootkits; all attempts at controlling the Internet will converge on surveillance and censorship, which is why all this stuff matters. Because we’ve spent the last 10+ years as a body sending our best players out to fight what we thought was the final boss at the end of the game, but it turns out it’s just been the mini-boss at the end of the level, and the stakes are only going to get higher.

[[1627.8]] As a member of the Walkman generation, I have made peace with the fact that I will require a hearing aid long before I die, and of course, it won’t be a hearing aid, it will be a computer I put in my body. So when I get into a car — a computer I put my body into — with my hearing aid — a computer I put inside my body — I want to know that these technologies are not designed to keep secrets from me, and to prevent me from terminating processes on them that work against my interests. [vigorous applause from audience] Thank you.

[[1669.4]] Thank you. So, last year, the Lower Merion School District, in a middle-class, affluent suburb of Philadelphia found itself in a great deal of trouble, because it was caught distributing PCs to its students, equipped with rootkits that allowed for remote covert surveillance through the computer’s camera and network connection. It transpired that they had been photographing students thousands of times, at home and at school, awake and asleep, dressed and naked. Meanwhile, the latest generation of lawful intercept technology can covertly operate cameras, mics, and GPSes on PCs, tablets, and mobile devices.

[[1705.0]] Freedom in the future will require us to have the capacity to monitor our devices and set meaningful policy on them, to examine and terminate the processes that run on them, to maintain them as honest servants to our will, and not as traitors and spies working for criminals, thugs, and control freaks. And we haven’t lost yet, but we have to win the copyright wars to keep the Internet and the PC free and open. Because these are the materiel in the wars that are to come, we won’t be able to fight on without them. And I know this sounds like a council of despair, but as I said, these are early days. We have been fighting the mini-boss, and that means that great challenges are yet to come, but like all good level designers, fate has sent us a soft target to train ourselves on — we have a chance, a real chance, and if we support open and free systems, and the organizations that fight for them — EFF, Bits of Freedom [?], Edrie [?], [?], Nets Politique [?], La Quadrature du Net, and all the others, who are thankfully, too numerous to name here — we may yet win the battle, and secure the ammunition we’ll need for the war.

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